{"id":433,"date":"2018-06-02T11:59:52","date_gmt":"2018-06-02T11:59:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/?p=433"},"modified":"2018-06-02T11:59:52","modified_gmt":"2018-06-02T11:59:52","slug":"the-joy-of-musical-sets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/2018\/06\/the-joy-of-musical-sets\/","title":{"rendered":"The joy of (musical) sets"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/music-set-theory.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-443 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/music-set-theory-1024x536.jpg\" alt=\"Music set-theory\" width=\"525\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/music-set-theory-1024x536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/music-set-theory-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/music-set-theory-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>I mentioned musical set theory in a <a href=\"http:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/2018\/04\/symmetry-in-music\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">previous post<\/a>, and now that I understand it better I\u2019m getting very enthusiastic about it. It\u2019s a really powerful technique for analysing and composing music. The mathematical connection may give the impression that it \u201cdehumanizes\u201d music by imposing mechanistic constraints and artificial rules \u2013 but the exact opposite is true. It\u2019s traditional music theory that forces arbitrary rules and constraints on you \u2013 set theory liberates you from them. It\u2019s a framework for organizing your own creativity \u2013 with no rules whatsoever.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ll explain how it works in a moment, but first a few words about my sources. The bible of the subject is Allen Forte\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/0300021208\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=0300021208&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=forteana-20&amp;linkId=9998b4c776902224cd2ebed2ee9ccfce\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Structure of Atonal Music<\/a>, which is divided into two roughly equal parts. The first is packed with useful stuff, although the second part was much too advanced for me. But Forte\u2019s book is really about musical analysis, and what I was interested in was composition. On that front, I found a great little book by Stanley Funicelli called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/1449929532\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=9325&amp;creativeASIN=1449929532&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=forteana-20&amp;linkId=c639de0c0e061283162a6af5a60db4e6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Basic Atonal Counterpoint<\/a> (which is a CreateSpace book, but very professionally done). I also found a lot of practical tips on Frans Absil\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/fransabsil\/videos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube channel<\/a> \u2013 he also produced the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fransabsil.nl\/htm\/toneset.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pitch-Class Set Graphical Toolkit<\/a> you can see on my iPad in the photograph above.<\/p>\n<p>Musical set theory starts from a few basic observations:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">The notes of the chromatic scale can be represented by integer \u201cpitch-classes\u201d: C = 0, C# = 1, D = 2 etc. After B = 11 you get back to C = 0, so additions and subtractions have to be done with mod-12 arithmetic.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">Intervals between pitch-classes are much more important than absolute pitches. So C major [0, 4, 7] and E flat major [3, 7, 10] are just different transpositions of the same set (it\u2019s called 3-11).<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">Inverting an interval (i.e. subtracting it from 12) doesn\u2019t change its basic nature. So interval 7 (perfect fifth) can be grouped with 5 (perfect fourth), interval 8 (minor sixth) with 4 (major third) etc. This leaves us with just six \u201cinterval classes\u201d: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom: 0.5em;\">The characteristic sound of a set is mainly determined by its interval vector. For example, the major chord 3-11 = [0, 4, 7] has an interval vector 001110 (one minor third, one major third, one perfect fifth and nothing else).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Traditional Western music depends heavily on set 7-35 [0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11] \u2013 the white notes on a piano, aka the major or minor scale (remember you can transpose these notes up by any integer between 1 and 11 to get all the other major and minor scales). Within that 7-element set, there are a number of strongly favoured subsets \u2013 most notably the aforementioned 3-11 (the major triad and its inversion, the minor triad).<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of set theory should be obvious now. It gives you access to dozens of other sets, all with their own unique sound. You might think \u201cbut they\u2019re going to sound terrible\u201d, and in some cases they do. Set theory helps you to avoid the terrible-sounding ones! But there are some great-sounding sets that simply don\u2019t exist in traditional music theory, such as 4z-29 = [0, 1, 3, 7], with an eyecatching interval vector of 111111.<\/p>\n<p>To teach myself how the system works, I wrote a short \u201csymphony\u201d using the above ideas. It\u2019s my first ever musical composition, and the result sounds a lot more interesting than if I\u2019d struggled with all that traditional stuff about sharps and flats, majors and minors, dominants and subdominants etc. That wouldn\u2019t have told me how to get close to the kind of spooky, spacey, quirky music I wanted to write.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a link to the YouTube video:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sinfonia Mathematica\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dJJKeqy33Og?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I mentioned musical set theory in a previous post, and now that I understand it better I\u2019m getting very enthusiastic about it. It\u2019s a really powerful technique for analysing and composing music. The mathematical connection may give the impression that it \u201cdehumanizes\u201d music by imposing mechanistic constraints and artificial rules \u2013 but the exact opposite &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/2018\/06\/the-joy-of-musical-sets\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;The joy of (musical) sets&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[60,56,54],"class_list":["post-433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-mathematics","tag-music-theory","tag-youtube"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=433"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":459,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433\/revisions\/459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/andrew-may.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}